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Halo is a military science fiction media franchise. The franchise is currently managed and developed by Industries , and owned and published by Xbox Game Studios. Primarily taking place in the 26th century , the franchise centers on conflict between humanity and a variety of alien species. The artifacts of a long-disappeared race, the Forerunners , play a key role; the eponymous Halo Array are immense, habitable and ring-shaped superweapons that were created by the Forerunners to destroy the parasitic Flood , but which the alien Covenant mistake for religious artifacts of transcendence.

The series launched with the first-person shooter video game Halo: Combat Evolved and its tie-in novel, The Fall of Reach in The latest main game, Halo Infinite , was released in The games in the series are critically acclaimed, with the original considered the Xbox 's " killer app ".

Hundreds of thousands of years ago, the Mantle of Responsibility belonged to the Forerunners. However, the Precursors wanted to remove such power from Forerunner hands and give it to the human race. In retaliation, the Forerunners drove the Precursors into extinction. Among the last of the Precursors, one let out a spore, hoping for it to spread and repopulate the Precursors.

It spread like wildfire. However, instead of creating Precursors, the spore made a parasite known as the Flood. The Forerunners fought the Flood, which spread through infestation of sentient life and had overrun much of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Exhausting all other strategies, the Forerunners conceived the Halo Array — ring-shaped megastructures and weapons of last resort that would destroy all sentient life in the galaxy to stop the Flood. Delaying as long as they could, the Forerunners activated the rings and disappeared. Nearly a hundred thousand years later in the 26th century, humanity—under the auspices of the United Nations Space Command , or UNSC—colonized many worlds thanks to the development of faster-than-light "slipstream space" i.

Tensions between the government and colonies desiring independence sparked violent clashes. The Covenant began a genocidal holy war. Their superior technology and numbers proved decisive advantages; though effective, the Spartans were too few in number to turn the tide of battle in humanity's favor.

The rediscovery of the Halo rings set the humans against the Covenant, who believef they were instruments of transcendence, not destruction. Master Chief and his artificial intelligence Cortana were instrumental in the destruction of a Halo ring to stop the Covenant and the threat of the Flood. The Covenant descended into civil war following the expulsion of the Sangheili species, with many grappling over the revelation that their religion was false.

The disgraced former Covenant Sangheili commander known as the Arbiter , along with the rest of his race, helped the humans destroy the Covenant and stop its leader, Truth, from activating the Halo Array via the Ark.

The Human-Covenant War ended, though new conflicts begin to emerge throughout the universe. The Forerunner known as the Didact briefly returns to assert supremacy over humanity, though he is foiled by the Master Chief and Cortana, who is initially believed dead in the attempt. Cortana's survival through the Forerunner repository of knowledge known as the Domain leads her to break with the UNSC and assert a new hegemony over the galaxy, with artificial intelligence the "Created" in control.

The games of the original Halo trilogy were developed by Bungie , and are first-person shooters in which the player experiences most action from the protagonist's perspective. Players battle various aliens on foot and in vehicles to complete objectives, while attempting to uncover the secrets of the eponymous Halo.

One concept introduced in Halo: Combat Evolved , is limiting the number of weapons players could carry to two, forcing them to carefully select their preferred armament. Bungie refers to the "weapons-grenades-melee" format as the "Golden Triangle of Halo ", [17] which has remained fundamentally unchanged throughout the trilogy.

In Halo: Combat Evolved , the player's health is measured in both hit points and a continually recharging energy shield; the sequels forgo the hit point system, although it returns in spin-offs.

For the first time, the game was released in two different editions: a standard edition with just the game disc and traditional Xbox packaging; and the Collector's Edition with a specially designed aluminum case, along with an additional bonus DVD, extra booklet, and slightly different user manual. Halo 2 introduced new gameplay elements, chief among them the ability to hold and fire two weapons simultaneously, known as " dual-wielding ".

The game uses "matchmaking" to facilitate joining online matches by grouping players looking for certain types of games. Upon release, Halo 2 became the game played by the most people on the Xbox Live service that week; it retained this title for over two years — the longest streak any game has held the spot. Halo 3 is the final game in the original Halo trilogy, ending the story arc begun in Halo: Combat Evolved.

Following Bungie's split from Microsoft, Industries — a studio established by Microsoft in — took the helm of the Halo franchise. Halo 5: Guardians , was released for the Xbox One on October 27, The story mainly focuses on exploring the deeper lore of the Halo series, the aftermath of the war with Cortana, and battles with the Banished.

The success of the main Halo trilogy spurred the creation of spin-off games. Halo Wars is a real-time strategy game developed by Ensemble Studios for the Xbox Set in the year , the game takes place 21 years prior to the events of Halo: Combat Evolved.

Much effort was spent on developing a control scheme that was simple and intuitive, unlike other console strategy games. An announcement of the new Halo project was expected at the E3 game exposition, which Bungie stated "has been building for several months", but was delayed by their publisher Microsoft.

The game was released on September 22, After releasing Halo 3 , Bungie decided to create a prequel to the original Halo trilogy. As the game would take place on a human world doomed to be destroyed, their focus on the environment in the game was extensive. Longtime Halo composers Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori returned to compose Reach ' s soundtrack, aiming for a more somber sound to coincide with the story.

Players who purchased ODST were eligible to participate in a Reach multiplayer beta in May ; the beta allowed Bungie to gain player feedback for fixing software bugs , as well as improving gameplay before finalizing the release. Microsoft's budget for the marketing campaign of Reach was the largest yet in the series, and created award-winning live-action commercials, action figures, and interactive media to promote the game. Reach additionally sold well internationally, in addition to moving more than three million units its first month in North America.

In October , Industries developed and released a virtual reality demo title in partnership with Endeavor One called Halo Recruit. Alternative reality games have been used to promote the release of Halo games, beginning with the Cortana Letters , a series of cryptic email messages, circulated by Bungie prior to Halo: Combat Evolved ' s release.

The game revolved around a website created by 42 Entertainment , commissioned by Microsoft and endorsed by Bungie. Over the course of the game, audio clips were released that eventually formed a complete five-hour story set on Earth between Halo and Halo 2.

The project was cancelled internally in —, without a formal announcement from Microsoft. The game launched with a closed beta test limited to Russia that year. The title was developed with Saber Interactive using modified version of the Halo 3 engine, and published by Innova Systems. Halo characters have appeared in tie-ins, such as the characters Spartan Nicole and the Arbiter being playable fighters in Dead or Alive 4 and Killer Instinct: Season Three , respectively.

Another game, Halo , has the players control Master Chief and fight through 64 screens with varied enemies. It was written by Ed Fries, former vice president of game publishing at Microsoft, in for the Atari Focusing on the Macintosh game market because it was smaller and easier to compete, Bungie became a preeminent game developer on the small Apple Macintosh platform. What became Halo started as a real-time strategy game for the Mac, originally code-named Monkey Nuts and Blam!

Though the first Halo was meant to include an online multiplayer mode, it was excluded because Xbox Live was not yet available. Halo was not intended to be the Xbox's flagship game due to internal concerns and gaming press criticism, but Microsoft VP of game publishing Ed Fries did not act on these concerns. The Xbox's marketing heavily featured Halo , whose green color palette meshed with the console's design scheme.

They created two more Halo games before becoming independent as part of their deal with Microsoft: a side story Halo 3: ODST and a prequel Halo: Reach in and respectively. Following the release of Halo 3 , Bungie announced it was splitting off from Microsoft and becoming an independent limited liability company.

To oversee everything Halo , Microsoft created an internal division, Industries, [94] serving as "stewards" for the franchise. In announcing the formation of Industries, Microsoft also announced that Xbox Live would be home to a central hub for Halo content called Halo Waypoint.

O'Connor described Waypoint as intended to be the prime destination for Halo. The company's first new game, Halo 4 , was released on November 6, , to "generally positive" reviews. In December , Industries general manager Bonnie Ross expressed Microsoft's aim for the Halo series to last at least 30 more years. In December , it was announced that the company would be discontinuing support for legacy online services for Halo games operating on the Xbox on January 13, It was stated that the time and work required to maintain these services was not a priority compared to the support required for modern and future Halo titles.

In , in acknowledgment of the "wealth of influences adopted by the Bungie team", a list of Bungie employees' favorite science fiction material was published on the company's website. Banks ' Culture series of which Consider Phlebas [] and Excession [] were said to be particularly influential. In a retrospective article in Edge , Bungie's Jaime Griesemer commented, "The influence of something like Ringworld isn't necessarily in the design — it's in that feeling of being somewhere else.

That sense of scale and an epic story going on out there. That sense of hopelessness, a relentless battle, was influential. Travis posits similarities between the plots of both works and compares the characters present in them, with the Flood and Covenant taking the role performed by the Carthaginians, and the Master Chief's role in the series to that of Aeneas.

Approached by Bungie to produce something ancient and mysterious for Halo ' s debut, O'Donnell decided to compose a theme using Gregorian chant , with him joining in with others to sing the vocal parts.

The music of Halo helped spur a renewed interest in chant music. For Halo 2 ' s soundtrack , producer Nile Rodgers and O'Donnell decided to split the music into two separate volumes. The first, Volume One, was released on November 9, , and contained all the themes as well as the "inspired-by" music present in the game featuring Steve Vai , Incubus , Hoobastank , and Breaking Benjamin.

The second release, Volume 2, contained the rest of the music, much of which was incomplete or not included in the first soundtrack, as the first soundtrack was shipped before the game was released. The soundtrack for Halo 3 was released on November 20, O'Donnell noted he wanted to bring back the themes from the original game to help tie together the end of the trilogy. Unlike previous soundtracks, where much of the music had been synthesized on computer, the soundtrack for Halo 3 was recorded using a piece orchestra, along with a voice chorus.

O'Donnell wrote "somber, more visceral" music to reflect the darker nature of the campaign and style of the game. The soundtrack was released on iTunes on September 15, , and in a two-disc set on September 28, For Halo Wars , the task of creating the game's music fell to Stephen Rippy.

Rippy listened to O'Donnell's soundtracks for inspiration and incorporated the Halo theme into parts of his arrangements. In addition to synthesized and orchestral components, the composer focused on the choir and piano as essential elements, feeling these were important in creating the " Halo sound".

A standalone compact disc and digital download retail version of the soundtrack was announced in January for release on February Neil Davidge served as an out-of-house composer for Industries which proved to be very expensive leading Kazuma Jinnouchi to take over the responsibility of music production for Halo 5: Guardians.

The music by Neil Davidge and Kazuma Jinnouchi for Halo 4 received mixed reviews, being recognized as creative music but too different from the original Halo formula. In , Kazuma Jinnouchi confirmed he would be composing the soundtrack for Halo 5: Guardians.